5-year ownership cost,
engineered and sourced.

Depreciation, insurance, fuel, maintenance, financing, and registration — modeled per vehicle, state-adjusted, every assumption documented. No black boxes.

All costs are national baseline estimates. Loan term: 60 months at 6.5% APR. Annual mileage: 12,000 mi. Electricity: EIA national average. Gasoline: EIA 87-octane average. Depreciation: iSeeCars 5-year resale data. Insurance: 50-state actuarial average (35yo driver, clean record, full coverage). Maintenance: RepairPal frequency × cost curves. Every assumption is shown — read full methodology.